美国税务法院拒绝中国学者所得税免税请求是否合理

2017-11-17 09:47    发布人:管理员

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      美国税务法院(United States Tax Court)认为,依据1984年《中美税收协定》(《UNITED STATES-THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA INCOME TAX CONVENTION》)第19条,中国公民(Zhongxia Ye)因不属于在美国“暂时停留”(temporarily present),故在肯尼索州立大学(Kennesaw State University)任助理教授的收入不能免征所得税。

·案件基本信息
ZHONGXIA YE, Petitioner, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent.
United States Tax Court.
Filed November 6, 2017.
Docket No. 23538-13.

·当事人信息
上诉人:Zhongxia Ye.
上诉人代理律师:Stuart H. Clements, Adrian Ochoa, Rita Renee Huey, Jaime Vasquez, and Juan F. Vasquez, Jr.
被上诉人:Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
被上诉人代理律师:Bryan J. Dotson and Sheila R. Pattison.

·案件事实
上诉人是一位中国公民,于2001年赴美攻读博士学位,2006年完成学业,并获得肯尼索州立大学每年9个月工作期的全职助理教授职位。2007年、2008年、2009年,大学续签了就业合同。
上诉人依据《中美税收协定》第19条,在提交的2008年、2009年的美国所得税申报表中主张美国免征其所得税。

·争议焦点
(一)在2008年、2009年,上诉人在美国是否被认定为居民外国人(resident aliens);
(二)在2008年、2009年,上诉人作为助理教授的收入是否可以依据《中美税收协定》第19条免征美国所得税。

·裁判结论
(一)美国税务法院认为,上诉人因符合《美国税法典》(IRC)第79章7701节(b)(1)条规定的“实质出现测试”(substantial presence test)而为美国居民。
上诉人在2008年、2009年的每个纳税年度都在美国工作超过183天,且因其持有H1B签证,故持有J或Q签证的教师的例外情况(如《美国税法典》第79章第7701节(b)(3)(D)(i),(5)(A)(ii),(C))在本案中不适用。
美国税务法院在脚注6中指出:除《中美税收协定》第8条第2款,第17条第2款以及本协定第18,19,20,22,23,23,24和26条规定外,美国可对其居民征税。因此,若上诉人符合第19条的规定,则可依据该协定第19条免征美国所得税。
(二)美国税务法院认为,依据《中美税收协定》第19条,上诉人在2008年、2009年作为助理教授获得的收入并不能免征美国所得税。
美国税务法院认定,上诉人在2008年、2009年并未“暂时在美国”,因没有证据表明上诉人或大学认为她的工作是临时性的,且上诉人于2007年向美国移民局(USCIS)申请永久居留权(即绿卡)则表明该上诉人有意留在美国,而非暂时在美国。

·案件评述
笔者认为,本案焦点在于以下两个问题:
(一)应将上诉人认定为居民外国人还是非居民外国人?
《美国税法典》第79章7701节(b)(3)(D)和(5)(A)(ii)、(C)、(E)为特殊条款:教师临时出现在美国可作为被豁免个人,故该个人不应当在任何日期被视为在美国出现。本案中,税务法院指出持有J、Q类签证、暂时在美国的教师可被视为不在美国,故属于非居民外国人(nonresident aliens)。同时,法院对同类情形下但持有H1B类签证的教师做出了区别对待,排除了该条款的适用,将其视为居民外国人(resident aliens)。1
笔者认为,法院在裁决时,对H1B类签证排除适用《美国税法典》第79章7701节(b)(3)(D)和(5)(A)(ii)、(C)、(E)的论述不仅不全面而且不合理。尽管Zhongxia Ye持有H1B的护照,同时向USCIS提交I-485申请国永久居留权(是否获批未知,仅在其仍未取得永久居留权时探讨),但依其教师的身份,结合H1B类签证的特性(持有者可在美国工作三年,然后可再延长三年,六年期满后若签证持有者的身份还未转化,就必须离开美国)及案件事实(KSU依据评估决定是否续签与Zhongxia Ye的合同,具有不确定性),不能因此判断上诉人不具有临时性,所以仍应被视为《美国税法典》中“被豁免个人”,不满足“实质出现测试”的情形,故属于非居民外国人。法院将上诉人视为居民外国人,毋庸置疑的扩大了上诉人的纳税范围。
(二)《中美税收协定》第19条在本案中是否应予适用?
《中美税收协定》第一条和第二条对纳税的主体及税种做出了详细规定,上诉人符合协定适用条件。但是否适用第十九条的核心是判断停留时间累计三年内的工作是否属于“临时性”。笔者认为,如上文所述,不能因上诉人持有H1B类签证,同时向美国移民局(USCIS)申请永久居留权,且暂未获批时而否认“临时出现”在美国的情形。故在《中美税收协定》规定的三年内,不应排除第19条的适用,不应拒绝其所得税的免税请求。
综上,随着各国之间的交往越来越密切,国家应为科学文化交流提供便利,ZHONGXIA YE 诉 COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE案在一定程度上对在美和即将赴美的中国学者产生了一定的影响。同时,美国国会众议院共和党在本月3日公布“史上最大规模”的税改议案——“减税与就业法案”(Tax Cuts and Jobs Act),该税改议案需经美国国会众、参两院分别批准后提交美国总统特朗普签署。故美国的联邦税收政策值得我们高度关注。



·相关法条
UNITED STATES-THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA INCOME TAX CONVENTION
ARTICLE 1 (Persons Covered)
This Agreement shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States.

ARTICLE 2(Taxes Covered)
(a) The taxes to which this Agreement applies are
(1) in the People's Republic of China:
(A) the individual income tax;
(B) the income tax concerning joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investment;
(C) the income tax concerning foreign enterprises;
(D) the local income tax (hereinafter referred to as "Chinese tax").
(2) in the United States of America: the Federal income taxes imposed (hereinafter referred to as "United States tax").
(b) The Agreement shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of the Agreement in addition to, or in place of, those referred to in paragraph 1. Within an appropriate time period, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any substantial changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws.

ARTICLE 19 (Teachers, Professors and Researchers)
An individual who is, or immediately before visiting a Contracting State was, a resident of the other Contracting State and is temporarily present in the first-mentioned Contracting State for the primary purpose of teaching, giving lectures or conducting research at a university, college, school or other accredited educational institution or scientific research institution in the first mentioned Contracting State shall be exempt from tax in the first mentioned Contracting State for a period not exceeding three years in the aggregate in respect of remuneration for such teaching, lectures or research.


INTERNAL REVENUE CODE

§ 7701. Definitions
(b) Definition of resident alien and nonresident alien. --
(1) In general. -- For purposes of this title (other than subtitle B) --
(A) Resident alien. -- An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such individual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii):
(i) Lawfully admitted for permanent residence. -- Such individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during such calendar year.
(ii) Substantial presence test. -- Such individual meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3).
(iii) First year election. -- Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4).
(B) Nonresident alien. -- An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)).

(3) Substantial presence test. --
……
(D) Exception for exempt individuals or for certain medical conditions. -- An individual shall not be treated as being present in the United States on any day if--
(i) such individual is an exempt individual for such day, or
(ii) such individual was unable to leave the United States on such day because of a medical condition which arose while such individual was present in the United States.

(5) Exempt individual defined. -- For purposes of this subsection--
(A) In general. -- An individual is an exempt individual for any day if, for such day, such individual is--
(ii) a teacher or trainee,
(C) Teacher or trainee. -- The term “teacher or trainee” means any individual--
(i) who is temporarily present in the United States under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (other than as a student), and
(ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
(E) Special rules for teachers, trainees, and students.--
(i) Limitation on teachers and trainees. -- An individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) for the current year if, for any 2 calendar years during the preceding 6 calendar years, such person was an exempt person under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A). In the case of an individual all of whose compensation is described in section 872 (b) (3), the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting “4 calendar years” for “2 calendar years”.

(作者:吴鹏杰,武汉大学法学院国际经济法专业2017级硕士研究生)

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